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Nyob rau thaum lub caij nrhiav kev kom muaj nyiaj sai, lub zos me me Marysville, Calif., tau yog "Lub Rooj Vag rau Cov Tiaj Kub," ib qho chaw muaj npe rau cov neeg khawb kub vam yuav nrhiav tau kub rau lub caij muaj npe hu ua California Gold Rush.
Tabsis rau thaum 1987, xyoo Yaj Saub Xyooj tsev neeg tuaj poob rau lub zos nyob qaum teb California, lub zos nyob ntawm ntug dej muaj li 12,000 tus neeg tsis muaj kev ntau yuav ua nce tes zoo li yav tas – tseeb tiag rau ib tse neeg tsis paub lus Askiv, yog neeg Hmoob tawg rog uas tau tuaj poob rau ib thaj av txawv.
"Kuv pom qhov kev nyuaj kuv tsev neeg tau muaj," Xyooj hais. "Qhov ntawd yog qhov taw kuv rau kuv qhov kev tshawb ntsuam kawm."
Qhov kev tshawb ntsuam kawm ntawd — xyuas raws kev nco kom to taub kev muaj tsis sib luag thiab cais neeg ua tej pawg hauv teb chaws Asmeskas — tau ua Xyooj yog ib tug tso npe yuav ua txoj haujlwm muaj thawj zaug nyob ntawm University of Wisconsin-Madison. Tom qab siv xyoo no nyob ntawm qhov nyiaj muaj meej mom tau los ntawm Anna Julia Cooper Post-Doctoral Fellowship, nws yuav pib nws txoj haujlwm rau hauv Asian American Studies Program thiab ceg School of Social Work yog ob qho koom tsim txoj haujlwm uas ntseeg tau tias yog thawj txoj haujlwm yuav mus tau rau qhov muaj txoj haujlwm tas li uas muab xyuas rau feem txog Kev Kawm Txog Hmoob nyob rau teb chaws Asmeskas.
Nws yog ib qho txawv tshaj Xyooj muaj nrog kev muaj nuj nqi, rau ib qho vim nws tau muaj cov kev txom nyem thaum xub thawj.
Nws niam thiab txiv yog neeg ua teb noj ua ntej nws txiv, li coob tus txiv neej Hmoob nyob Nplog teb rau thaum lub caij 1960s, CIA tau ntiav ua nplua rog tsis muaj neeg paub (Secret War) uas teb chaws Asmeskas ua rog nrog Nyab Laj qaum teb. Tom qab Asmeskas swb rog lawm, lawv tau khiav tuaj nyob tau 12 xyoos hauv Thaib teb raws neeg tawg rog, uas yug Xyooj thiab nws tus tij laug, ua ntej tuaj rau teb chaw Asmeskas. Xyooj niam thiab txiv tau mus kawm ntawv laus kawm lus Askiv thiab xyaum nyob raws lub teb chaws tshiab nyob ib sab ntuj, tabsis qho kev pauv kom swm tsis yooj yim. Nws txiv nrhiav tsis tau ib txog haujlwm ruaj ua uas nws niam nyob hauv tsev tu nkawv 12 tug me nyuam.
Thaum Xyooj, tus thib ob muaj hnub nyooj tshaj, tawm ntawm Marysville — thawj zaug mus rau lub tsev kawm ntawv University of California, Davis, uas nws nyob rau qhov kawm tau zoo tiav rau sociology thiab Asian American studies, ua ntej mus rau lub tsev kawm ntawv University of California, Los Angeles, uas nws tiav nws daim master’s degree thiab Ph.D. rau sociology— nws pom nws tus kheej rov mus txog qhov thaum nws loj hlob. Pom tias nws kev kawm tau muaj txawv tsis zoo li cov coob neeg tsiv teb chaws thiab cov me nyuam lwm pawg neeg tsawg, Xyooj xav ntsuam xyuas kawm saib ua li cas thiab vim li cas tej pawg neeg khiav teb chaws ho zoo dua lwm pawg.
Raws ib tug mejyig kawm tiav kawm ntxiv ntawm UCLA, Xyooj kawm txog cov mejyig tej pab neeg tsawg tham lwm yam lus ho muab xeem li cas thiab taug qab li cas, kev poob qis los txom nyem tas li nyob hauv Hmoob Asmeskas cov zej zog, thiab kev tawm suab (kwv paib) tsis pom zoo thiab koom nrog kev nom tswv muaj li cas rau cov Hmoob Asmeskas
Qhov kev tshawb ntsuam kawm no ua rau nws zoo txawv tag nrho ntawm cov neeg ntse tso npe yuav ua txoj haujlwm tsim tshiab nyob hauv ceg College of Letters & Science.
Cov xibfwb, neeg ua num, mejyig thiab ib tsoom hauv zej zog tau txhawb kom yuav tsum muaj chav qhia txog Hmoob nyob hauv tsev kawm ntawv thaum 1980s yuav xaus, raws li muaj Hmoob nyob hauv lub xeev coob zuj zus.
Raws li kev suav neeg thaum 2010 (U.S. census), Wisconsin (49,240) yog lub xeev muaj Hmoob coob thib peb nyob teb chaws no tom qab California (91,224) thiab Minnesota (66,181), thiab peb lub nroog hauv Wisconsin nyob rau ntawm 10 lub nroog uas muaj Hmoob nyob coob tshaj: Milwaukee (thib plaub), Wausau (thib yim), thiab Madison (thib kaum).
Nws kuj yog ib pawg neeg tseem hluas: Raws kev khwv yees txhua peb xyoo ntawm kev suav neeg thaum 2011, tshaj 42 feem pua ntawm cov Hmoob nyob hauv Wisconsin hluas tshaj 18 xyoo.
Tus xibfwb ntawm AnthropologyKatherine Bowie hoob Peoples and Cultures of Mainland Southeast Asia yog thawj hoob hauv thaj chaw tsev kawm ntawv uas tham txog tej pawg neeg nyob rau Es Xias thaum 1988. UW-Madison tau muaj cov hoob kawm lus Hmoob lub caij ntuj sov txij thaum 1994 los, thiab tau pib muaj cov hoob no rau lub caij kawm ntawv txij thaum 2006. Nyob rau 2010, L&S tau ib qho nyiaj los ntawm lub Henry Luce Foundation tsim qhov UW-UM Hmong Studies Consortium nrog lub University of Minnesota thiab txais Ian Baird, yog ib tug assistant professor of geography thiab yog ib tug paub txog Hmoob thiab lwm pawg neeg nyob toj siab ntawm sab Southeast Asia.
Tabsis nws tseem kuj muaj kev xav kom muaj ntxiv — ntawm thaj chaw tsev kawm ntawv thiab hauv zej zog — raws li kev pom ntawm Hmoob Asmeskas. UW-Madison tau pib txais cov xibfwb tuaj pab qhia cov hoob qhia txog Hmoob Asmeska txhua xyoo txij thaum 2008, ua ntej tsim Xyooj txoj haujlwm ua tau kev pab los ntawm pawg npaj uas muaj cov xibfwb, neeg ua num, mejyig thiab cov neeg nyob hauv zej zog.
Uttal
"Qhov txais nws ua qhia tau tias kev ua kom muaj sib to taub muaj taus thaum muaj ib pawg neeg hais tas li thiab sib koom rau tib lub homphiaj," Lynet Uttal hais, ib tug xibfwb nyob hauv ceg School of Human Ecology thiab yog tus director hauv Asian American Studies Program thaum 2008 txog lub Rau Hli 2013.
Timothy Yu, tus los ua Uttal qhov haujlwm saib Asian American Studies Program, hais tias, txawm muaj lwm tus (scholars) tau ua haujlwm rau feem no lawm los, qhov no yog zaum "xub thawj ib lub tsev kawm ntawv muaj kev tshawb ntsuam kawm tau los zaum thiab hais tias, 'Pom zoo, peb yuav tau txhawb kom muaj ib txog haujlwm tas li rau feem no. Hmong American studies yog ib qho peb xav kom muaj ntev lawm yav tom ntej.'"
Xyooj twb pib cuag ib tsoom hauv zej zog thiab tab tom tsim cov hoob txog kev coj noj coj ua pauv li cas — cov zej zog muaj coj li cas, muab kev pom zoo thiab txiav txim li cas — thiab txuam nrog lwm haiv neeg li cas nyob hauv teb chaws Asmeskas. Nws siv nws qhov fellowship los tshawb ntsuam xyuas kev txhawb thiab ho pab tau kev noj qab haus huv hauv cov zej zog Hmoob li cas, nrog rau kev yuav ntsuam xyuas dav rau yav tom ntej, nrog ntau lub xeev txog Hmoob kev noj qab haus huv rau xyoo puav tom ntej.
"Kuv xav kom (kuv qhov kev tshawb ntsuam kawm) xyuas Hmoob raws li ib pawg," nws hais. "Tsis yog ib pawg txawv, tias sis, raws li ib pawg nyob hauv tag nrho hauv cov neeg Es Xias Asmeska, uas nyob rau hauv teb chaws Asmeskas."
Translation by Jzong Thao, Office of Human Resources